Causes of the Civil War
Slavery-the act of owning another person, who is forced to work for you. They have no rights and are seen as property.
abolitionists-people who tried to end slavery
Underground Railroad-a network of people and places that helped slaves escape to freedom
Missouri Compromise-Maine joined as a free state and Missouri became a slave state.
Compromise of 1850-California became a free state. No more slave trade in Washington D.C. . The fugitive slave laws were more strict. New states could be allowed to have slavery.
Fugitive Slave Act- Runaway slaves needed to be returned to the South by Northerners. If not, you could go to jail or be fined if you helped them.
Kansas-Nebraska Act & popular sovereignt)- The people of the states got to vote if they wanted slavery or not. Many people came from other states to vote for slavery.
Bleeding Kansas: Many battles between people who were for and against slavery broke out.
Dred Scott- Dred Scott was a slave that wanted his freedom since he lived in a free state and his master died. The Supreme Court said he was not a citizen and not free.
Lincoln-He was president when the Civil War began. He said slavery could stay in states that already had it but new states would never get slavery.
Secession- Southern states broke away from the United States of America and became their own country: the Confederate States of America
Ft. Sumter- this island in South Carolina is where the Civil War began
Manifest Destiny is the idea that Americans should spread out across America all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
Andrew Jackson
7th President
Populist
1st Democrat
Did not see non-white people as equal
He sent in the US army to South Carolina when they would not pay an import tariff
Created the“Spoils System” gave his friends and supporters jobs
Lived on the Hermitage Plantation with 150 slaves
He was a hero from the Battle of New Orleans
He was temperamental
“Old Hickory” was his nickname because he was as tough as a hickory stick
Signed the Indian Removal Act forcing all Native Americans to move West
Represented the ordinary man _lost his family by age 14
Grew up in a log cabin
Washington - War of 1812
Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory under his treaty making powers. France was willing to sell it for $15 million because they were fighting with Britain and needed money.
Lewis and Clark explored the Louisiana Territory to look for plants, animals and geography. Sacagewea served as a guide and translator for them.
Federalists
Democratic-Republicans
Precedents set by Washington:
2 terms in office
created the cabinet
Inaugural Address
Foreign policy of Neutrality
Cabinet:
Thomas Jefferson : Secretary of State
Edmund Randolph: Attorney General
Henry Knox: Secretary of Defense
Alexander Hamilton: Secretary of Treasury
Constitution Unit
Executive Branch
Electoral College
In order to become President, you need to win at least 270 of the electoral votes from the 538 electors. The person that has the most popular votes within a state will win all of the electoral votes from that state.
- Who is the leader of the Executive branch of the government?The President of the United States of America and must be a natural born US citizen who has lived in the US for at least 14 years
-When is the President inaugurated?
January 21 (after the November election)
-What are the responsibilities of the President (list at least 5)?
Choosing new Supreme Court Justices
Negotiate treaties with other countries
Hold press conferences
Make sure our country is safe
Approve or reject bills from Congress
Give a yearly “State of the Union” speech
- How many years can one person serve as President? How many terms?
10 years in total - 2 terms-4 years to a term
- How many different Cabinet departments are there?
The 15 members of Cabinet help the President make important decisions
- What is the name of the speech that the President gives at least once a year?State of the Union
- Who becomes President if they can no longer hold office? (list 4)
Vice President
Speaker of the House
President pro tempore (Senate)
Secretary of State
-What is another title of the President?
Commander in Chief
-How old do you have to be in order to become President?
35
Legislative Branch
How a Bill Becomes a Law
1.A citizen gets an idea for a bill
2. The bill is written by a member of Congress
3.The bill is placed in the hopper
4. The bill gets a number
5.The bill goes to Committee
6.The bill is discussed by the House
7.The bill is voted on by the House
8.If approved by the majority, the bill goes to the other House and the previous steps are repeated
9.If approved by the majority of the second House, it goes on to the President (He could pass or veto it)
10.The President vetoes the law
11.The bill goes back to both Houses and ⅔ of the members need to approve the bill
12.After ⅔ of the members of Congress approve the bill, it becomes a law.
*These words below need to be included on the test. Above is a suggested list of how a bill becomes a law.
House of Representatives, Senate, Vetoes, vote, President, ⅔ (yes vote) , Majority (yes votes) Signs, Law, Committee
Legislative Branch is known as Congress
It is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate
House of Representatives:
age - at least 25 years old
term - 2 years
US citizen for at least - 7 years
members - based on population - 435 in total
leader - Speaker of the House
Senate:
age - at least 30 years old
term - 6 years
US citizen for at least - 9 years
members - 2 per state - 100 total
leader - Vice President
535 total members in Congress
Articles of Confederation
Strengths:
States had the power that they wanted
Weaknesses:
Weak National Government
The government had no authority to tax
The government could not start a army or navy
The government was unable to pay back debts
Many currencies within the country
Congress could not carry out laws
All 13 states had to agree to any changes within the Articles of Confederation
Study Points
American Revolution (test November 10)
-The British and the French were fighting over the Ohio River Valley because of the profitable fur trade in the area
-The British were fighting the French and natives because they both wanted the Ohio River Valley
-Ben Franklin wrote the Albany Plan of Union to get the colonies to unite to fight (the French)
-The Treaty of Paris ended the war and Britain got most all of the land EAST of the Mississippi River
-The Proclamation of 1763 was to keep peace between the colonists and the Native Americans
-Britain imposed taxes on the colonists to pay for the French and Indian War
-Colonists were taxed by Parliament to pay for the French and Indian War
-Colonists had no say in creating the taxes, so they said, “no taxation without representation.”
-Writs of Assistance- allowed officers to look for smuggled goods
-Sugar Act- lowered the tax on molasses to prevent smuggling
-Stamp Act-taxed paper goods, specifically newspapers, playing cards and legal documents
-Sons of Liberty was a group of men started by Samuel Adams that protested taxes
-Boycott-refuse to buy ...specifically any goods from England
-Repeal-take away
-Declaratory Act- Parliament (Britain) has full power to make any laws for the colonies
-Townshend Act- taxed imported goods, such as lead, glass, paint and tea
-Daughters of Liberty-a group of women who refused to buy British goods and began to create their own
-Boston Massacre- March 5, 1770 5 colonists were killed by the British soldiers. This was the first time violence was used by the British towards the colonists
-Paul Revere created an engraving of the Boston Massacre as propaganda. Propaganda is used when you want people to think a certain way.
-All of the Townshend Acts were repealed except for the tax on tea.
-Committee of Correspondence- a group started by Samuel Adams to unite and inform the people in different colonies against the unfair taxes and important events
-Tea Act- the British East India Tea Company was losing money due to the boycott on tea. This Act allowed the cost of tea to be less since the company sold their tea directly to the store owners and not the merchant.
-Boston colonists were mad about the tea tax, so the Sons of Liberty threw over 342 chests of tea in the Boston Harbor. This was known as the Boston Tea Party.
-Coercive or Intolerable Acts
Closed the Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for-banned town meetings-Quartering Act-allowed British soldiers to live in the homes of the colonists
-The British were going to Lexington and Concord to look for ammunition and weapons
-1st Continental Congress petitioned the King to change unfair laws
-Revere and Dawes rode from Boston to Lexington to warn the colonists
-1st shots of the Revolution were fired at Lexington and Concord
-Colonists lost the Battle of Bunker Hill due to lack of ammunition and 1000 British soldiers were killed or wounded.
-Colonists who remained loyal to Britain were called loyalists
-Colonists who wanted independence from Britain were patriots
-The British paid Hessians (German soldiers) to fight for them.
-Guerilla Warfare is a hit and run technique was in war
-The British army was well trained, but their fighting style was poor (fighting in straight lines)
-The patriots knew the land well and their cause for fighting the war was a huge strength
-A blockade in the water prevents supplies from reaching the land
-Privateers were used in the water to attack British ships
-Spain and France helped the colonists fight the British
-On Christmas night, the Patriots won at Trenton
-The British tried to take over Albany to separate the New England Colonies from the Middle Colonies
-Valley Forge is where Washington’s troops suffered during winter
-Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the American Revolution
-General Cornwallis was in charge of the British troops when he surrendered in Yorktown (the last battle of the war)
-The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War
Colonies
9/1 and 9/2 Roanoke
-The colony of Roanoke mysteriously disappeared.
-Since England was at war with Spain, it took their leader, John White, 3 years to return with supplies.
9/7-9/10 Jamestown
-John Smith was the leader of Jamestown.
-Jamestown was located near swampy water
-A charter is granted by a king to settle in a new land
-House of Burgesses is the lawmaking body in Jamestown
-John Smith said, “If you do not work, you do not eat.”
-Jamestown colonists wanted to get rich, and not work
-Jamestown colonists got rich from tobacco
9/14-18 New England Colonies
-Many colonists left England for religious freedom (did not want to be part of the Church of England)
-William Bradford was the leader of the Mayflower
-The Mayflower Compact was common laws for everyone to live by
-The Pilgrims settles in Plymouth, Massachusetts
-Squanto helped the Pilgrims survive
-Pilgrims are people who travel for religious purposes
-Puritans wanted to purify or fix the Church of England
-Separatists wanted to separate from the Church of England (Anglican Church)
-John Winthrop was the leader of Massachusetts
-Roger Williams settled Rhode Island
-Rhode Island and Connecticut were started by people who broke away from the Puritans
-To be tolerant of other religions is allowing people to practice their religion without fear or consequence
9/22- 9/23 Middle Colonies
-After New Netherlands was taken over, it was renamed New York
-The Middle Colonies had the most ethnic diversity
-William Penn received his land from the king who owed his father a debt
-The Quakers believed in peace and thought everyone was equal
9/28-9/29 Southern Colonies
-James Oglethorpe was the founder of Georgia
-Georgia was established to protect or create a buffer from the Spanish in Florida and for debtors
-Rice and Indigo grew well in South Carolina
-Maryland was originally set up for Catholics
-An indentured servant worked for about 7 years for boat passage to America
Slavery-the act of owning another person, who is forced to work for you. They have no rights and are seen as property.
abolitionists-people who tried to end slavery
Underground Railroad-a network of people and places that helped slaves escape to freedom
Missouri Compromise-Maine joined as a free state and Missouri became a slave state.
Compromise of 1850-California became a free state. No more slave trade in Washington D.C. . The fugitive slave laws were more strict. New states could be allowed to have slavery.
Fugitive Slave Act- Runaway slaves needed to be returned to the South by Northerners. If not, you could go to jail or be fined if you helped them.
Kansas-Nebraska Act & popular sovereignt)- The people of the states got to vote if they wanted slavery or not. Many people came from other states to vote for slavery.
Bleeding Kansas: Many battles between people who were for and against slavery broke out.
Dred Scott- Dred Scott was a slave that wanted his freedom since he lived in a free state and his master died. The Supreme Court said he was not a citizen and not free.
Lincoln-He was president when the Civil War began. He said slavery could stay in states that already had it but new states would never get slavery.
Secession- Southern states broke away from the United States of America and became their own country: the Confederate States of America
Ft. Sumter- this island in South Carolina is where the Civil War began
Manifest Destiny is the idea that Americans should spread out across America all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
Andrew Jackson
7th President
Populist
1st Democrat
Did not see non-white people as equal
He sent in the US army to South Carolina when they would not pay an import tariff
Created the“Spoils System” gave his friends and supporters jobs
Lived on the Hermitage Plantation with 150 slaves
He was a hero from the Battle of New Orleans
He was temperamental
“Old Hickory” was his nickname because he was as tough as a hickory stick
Signed the Indian Removal Act forcing all Native Americans to move West
Represented the ordinary man _lost his family by age 14
Grew up in a log cabin
Washington - War of 1812
Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory under his treaty making powers. France was willing to sell it for $15 million because they were fighting with Britain and needed money.
Lewis and Clark explored the Louisiana Territory to look for plants, animals and geography. Sacagewea served as a guide and translator for them.
Federalists
- Supported ratification of the Constitution
- Supported Washington’s policies
- Alexander Hamilton
- National Bank
- Strong federal government
- Stability
- Banking and shipping
- Wealthy supporters
- Not too much public involvement
- Too much democracy is dangerous to liberty
- Honest, educated, property owners
- Plantation owners
Democratic-Republicans
- Thomas Jefferson
- James Madison
- Weaker federal government
- Did not want to hurt the personal liberties of the people
- Ordinary people should run the government
- Poorer supporters
- Farmers
- Strict interpretation of the Constitution
Precedents set by Washington:
2 terms in office
created the cabinet
Inaugural Address
Foreign policy of Neutrality
Cabinet:
Thomas Jefferson : Secretary of State
Edmund Randolph: Attorney General
Henry Knox: Secretary of Defense
Alexander Hamilton: Secretary of Treasury
Constitution Unit
Executive Branch
Electoral College
In order to become President, you need to win at least 270 of the electoral votes from the 538 electors. The person that has the most popular votes within a state will win all of the electoral votes from that state.
- Who is the leader of the Executive branch of the government?The President of the United States of America and must be a natural born US citizen who has lived in the US for at least 14 years
-When is the President inaugurated?
January 21 (after the November election)
-What are the responsibilities of the President (list at least 5)?
Choosing new Supreme Court Justices
Negotiate treaties with other countries
Hold press conferences
Make sure our country is safe
Approve or reject bills from Congress
Give a yearly “State of the Union” speech
- How many years can one person serve as President? How many terms?
10 years in total - 2 terms-4 years to a term
- How many different Cabinet departments are there?
The 15 members of Cabinet help the President make important decisions
- What is the name of the speech that the President gives at least once a year?State of the Union
- Who becomes President if they can no longer hold office? (list 4)
Vice President
Speaker of the House
President pro tempore (Senate)
Secretary of State
-What is another title of the President?
Commander in Chief
-How old do you have to be in order to become President?
35
Legislative Branch
How a Bill Becomes a Law
1.A citizen gets an idea for a bill
2. The bill is written by a member of Congress
3.The bill is placed in the hopper
4. The bill gets a number
5.The bill goes to Committee
6.The bill is discussed by the House
7.The bill is voted on by the House
8.If approved by the majority, the bill goes to the other House and the previous steps are repeated
9.If approved by the majority of the second House, it goes on to the President (He could pass or veto it)
10.The President vetoes the law
11.The bill goes back to both Houses and ⅔ of the members need to approve the bill
12.After ⅔ of the members of Congress approve the bill, it becomes a law.
*These words below need to be included on the test. Above is a suggested list of how a bill becomes a law.
House of Representatives, Senate, Vetoes, vote, President, ⅔ (yes vote) , Majority (yes votes) Signs, Law, Committee
Legislative Branch is known as Congress
It is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate
House of Representatives:
age - at least 25 years old
term - 2 years
US citizen for at least - 7 years
members - based on population - 435 in total
leader - Speaker of the House
Senate:
age - at least 30 years old
term - 6 years
US citizen for at least - 9 years
members - 2 per state - 100 total
leader - Vice President
535 total members in Congress
Articles of Confederation
Strengths:
States had the power that they wanted
Weaknesses:
Weak National Government
The government had no authority to tax
The government could not start a army or navy
The government was unable to pay back debts
Many currencies within the country
Congress could not carry out laws
All 13 states had to agree to any changes within the Articles of Confederation
Study Points
American Revolution (test November 10)
-The British and the French were fighting over the Ohio River Valley because of the profitable fur trade in the area
-The British were fighting the French and natives because they both wanted the Ohio River Valley
-Ben Franklin wrote the Albany Plan of Union to get the colonies to unite to fight (the French)
-The Treaty of Paris ended the war and Britain got most all of the land EAST of the Mississippi River
-The Proclamation of 1763 was to keep peace between the colonists and the Native Americans
-Britain imposed taxes on the colonists to pay for the French and Indian War
-Colonists were taxed by Parliament to pay for the French and Indian War
-Colonists had no say in creating the taxes, so they said, “no taxation without representation.”
-Writs of Assistance- allowed officers to look for smuggled goods
-Sugar Act- lowered the tax on molasses to prevent smuggling
-Stamp Act-taxed paper goods, specifically newspapers, playing cards and legal documents
-Sons of Liberty was a group of men started by Samuel Adams that protested taxes
-Boycott-refuse to buy ...specifically any goods from England
-Repeal-take away
-Declaratory Act- Parliament (Britain) has full power to make any laws for the colonies
-Townshend Act- taxed imported goods, such as lead, glass, paint and tea
-Daughters of Liberty-a group of women who refused to buy British goods and began to create their own
-Boston Massacre- March 5, 1770 5 colonists were killed by the British soldiers. This was the first time violence was used by the British towards the colonists
-Paul Revere created an engraving of the Boston Massacre as propaganda. Propaganda is used when you want people to think a certain way.
-All of the Townshend Acts were repealed except for the tax on tea.
-Committee of Correspondence- a group started by Samuel Adams to unite and inform the people in different colonies against the unfair taxes and important events
-Tea Act- the British East India Tea Company was losing money due to the boycott on tea. This Act allowed the cost of tea to be less since the company sold their tea directly to the store owners and not the merchant.
-Boston colonists were mad about the tea tax, so the Sons of Liberty threw over 342 chests of tea in the Boston Harbor. This was known as the Boston Tea Party.
-Coercive or Intolerable Acts
Closed the Boston Harbor until the tea was paid for-banned town meetings-Quartering Act-allowed British soldiers to live in the homes of the colonists
-The British were going to Lexington and Concord to look for ammunition and weapons
-1st Continental Congress petitioned the King to change unfair laws
-Revere and Dawes rode from Boston to Lexington to warn the colonists
-1st shots of the Revolution were fired at Lexington and Concord
-Colonists lost the Battle of Bunker Hill due to lack of ammunition and 1000 British soldiers were killed or wounded.
-Colonists who remained loyal to Britain were called loyalists
-Colonists who wanted independence from Britain were patriots
-The British paid Hessians (German soldiers) to fight for them.
-Guerilla Warfare is a hit and run technique was in war
-The British army was well trained, but their fighting style was poor (fighting in straight lines)
-The patriots knew the land well and their cause for fighting the war was a huge strength
-A blockade in the water prevents supplies from reaching the land
-Privateers were used in the water to attack British ships
-Spain and France helped the colonists fight the British
-On Christmas night, the Patriots won at Trenton
-The British tried to take over Albany to separate the New England Colonies from the Middle Colonies
-Valley Forge is where Washington’s troops suffered during winter
-Battle of Saratoga was the turning point of the American Revolution
-General Cornwallis was in charge of the British troops when he surrendered in Yorktown (the last battle of the war)
-The Treaty of Paris ended the Revolutionary War
Colonies
9/1 and 9/2 Roanoke
-The colony of Roanoke mysteriously disappeared.
-Since England was at war with Spain, it took their leader, John White, 3 years to return with supplies.
9/7-9/10 Jamestown
-John Smith was the leader of Jamestown.
-Jamestown was located near swampy water
-A charter is granted by a king to settle in a new land
-House of Burgesses is the lawmaking body in Jamestown
-John Smith said, “If you do not work, you do not eat.”
-Jamestown colonists wanted to get rich, and not work
-Jamestown colonists got rich from tobacco
9/14-18 New England Colonies
-Many colonists left England for religious freedom (did not want to be part of the Church of England)
-William Bradford was the leader of the Mayflower
-The Mayflower Compact was common laws for everyone to live by
-The Pilgrims settles in Plymouth, Massachusetts
-Squanto helped the Pilgrims survive
-Pilgrims are people who travel for religious purposes
-Puritans wanted to purify or fix the Church of England
-Separatists wanted to separate from the Church of England (Anglican Church)
-John Winthrop was the leader of Massachusetts
-Roger Williams settled Rhode Island
-Rhode Island and Connecticut were started by people who broke away from the Puritans
-To be tolerant of other religions is allowing people to practice their religion without fear or consequence
9/22- 9/23 Middle Colonies
-After New Netherlands was taken over, it was renamed New York
-The Middle Colonies had the most ethnic diversity
-William Penn received his land from the king who owed his father a debt
-The Quakers believed in peace and thought everyone was equal
9/28-9/29 Southern Colonies
-James Oglethorpe was the founder of Georgia
-Georgia was established to protect or create a buffer from the Spanish in Florida and for debtors
-Rice and Indigo grew well in South Carolina
-Maryland was originally set up for Catholics
-An indentured servant worked for about 7 years for boat passage to America